Nouvelles diverses | Page 22

Dans BoardAgenda, Gavin Hinks propose une solution pour que les parties prenantes soient mieux pris en compte : la création d’un comité social et éthique (déjà en fonction en Afrique du Sud) : « Companies ‘need new mechanism’ to integrate stakeholder interests » (4 septembre 2020).

Extrait :

While section 172 of the Companies Act—the key law governing directors’ duties—has been sufficiently flexible to enable companies to re-align themselves with stakeholders so far, it provides no guarantee they will maintain that disposition.

In their recent paper, MacNeil and Esser argue more regulation is needed and in particular a mandatory committee drawing key stakeholder issues to the board and then reporting on them to shareholders.

Known as the “social and ethics committee” in South Africa, a similar mandatory committee in the UK considering ESG (environmental, social and governance) issues “will provide a level playing field for stakeholder engagement,” write MacNeil and Esser.

Recent evidence, they concede, suggests the committees in South Africa are still evolving, but there are advantages, with the committee “uniquely placed with direct access to the main board and a mandate to reach into the depths of the business”.

“As a result, it is capable of having a strong influence on the way a company heads down the path of sustained value creation.”

Will stakeholderism stick?

The issue of making “stakeholder” capitalism stick has vexed others too. The issue was a dominant agenda item at the World Economic Forum’s Davos conference this year, as well as becoming a key element in the presidential campaign of Democrat candidate Joe Biden.

Others worry that stakeholderism is a talking point only, prompting no real change in some companies. Indeed, when academics examined the practical policy outcomes from the now famous 2019 pledge by the Business Roundtable—a group of US multinationals—to shift their focus from shareholders to stakeholders, they found the companies wanting.

In the UK, at least, some are taking the issue very seriously. The Institute of Directors recently launched a new governance centre with its first agenda item being how stakeholderism can be integrated into current governance structures.

Further back the Royal Academy, an august British research institution, issued its own principles for becoming a “purposeful business”, another idea closely associated with stakeholderism.

The stakeholder debate has a long way to run. If the idea is to gain traction it will undoubtedly need a stronger commitment in regulation than it currently has, or companies could easily wander from the path. That may depend on public demand and political will. But Esser and MacNeil may have at least indicated one way forward.

À la prochaine…

Belle tribune dans Fortune de MM. Colin Mayer, Leo Strine Jr et Jaap Winter au titre clair : « 50 years later, Milton Friedman’s shareholder doctrine is dead » (13 septembre 2020).

Extrait :

Fifty years ago, Milton Friedman in the New York Times magazine proclaimed that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. Directors have the duty to do what is in the interests of their masters, the shareholders, to make as much profit as possible. Friedman was hostile to the New Deal and European models of social democracy and urged business to use its muscle to reduce the effectiveness of unions, blunt environmental and consumer protection measures, and defang antitrust law. He sought to reduce consideration of human concerns within the corporate boardroom and legal requirements on business to treat workers, consumers, and society fairly. 

Over the last 50 years, Friedman’s views became increasingly influential in the U.S. As a result, the power of the stock market and wealthy elites soared and consideration of the interests of workers, the environment, and consumers declined. Profound economic insecurity and inequality, a slow response to climate change, and undermined public institutions resulted. Using their wealth and power in the pursuit of profits, corporations led the way in loosening the external constraints that protected workers and other stakeholders against overreaching.

Under the dominant Friedman paradigm, corporations were constantly harried by all the mechanisms that shareholders had available—shareholder resolutions, takeovers, and hedge fund activism—to keep them narrowly focused on stockholder returns. And pushed by institutional investors, executive remuneration systems were increasingly focused on total stock returns. By making corporations the playthings of the stock market, it became steadily harder for corporations to operate in an enlightened way that reflected the real interests of their human investors in sustainable growth, fair treatment of workers, and protection of the environment.

Half a century later, it is clear that this narrow, stockholder-centered view of corporations has cost society severely. Well before the COVID-19 pandemic, the single-minded focus of business on profits was criticized for causing the degradation of nature and biodiversity, contributing to global warming, stagnating wages, and exacerbating economic inequality. The result is best exemplified by the drastic shift in gain sharing away from workers toward corporate elites, with stockholders and top management eating more of the economic pie.

Corporate America understood the threat that this way of thinking was having on the social compact and reacted through the 2019 corporate purpose statement of the Business Roundtable, emphasizing responsibility to stakeholders as well as shareholders. But the failure of many of the signatories to protect their stakeholders during the coronavirus pandemic has prompted cynicism about the original intentions of those signing the document, as well as their subsequent actions.

Stockholder advocates are right when then they claim that purpose statements on their own achieve little: Calling for corporate executives who answer to only one powerful constituency—stockholders in the form of highly assertive institutional investors—and have no legal duty to other stakeholders to run their corporations in a way that is fair to all stakeholders is not only ineffectual, it is naive and intellectually incoherent.

What is required is to match commitment to broader responsibility of corporations to society with a power structure that backs it up. That is what has been missing. Corporate law in the U.S. leaves it to directors and managers subject to potent stockholder power to give weight to other stakeholders. In principle, corporations can commit to purposes beyond profit and their stakeholders, but only if their powerful investors allow them to do so. Ultimately, because the law is permissive, it is in fact highly restrictive of corporations acting fairly for all their stakeholders because it hands authority to investors and financial markets for corporate control.

Absent any effective mechanism for encouraging adherence to the Roundtable statement, the system is stacked against those who attempt to do so. There is no requirement on corporations to look after their stakeholders and for the most part they do not, because if they did, they would incur the wrath of their shareholders. That was illustrated all too clearly by the immediate knee-jerk response of the Council of Institutional Investors to the Roundtable declaration last year, which expressed its disapproval by stating that the Roundtable had failed to recognize shareholders as owners as well as providers of capital, and that “accountability to everyone means accountability to no one.” 

If the Roundtable is serious about shifting from shareholder primacy to purposeful business, two things need to happen. One is that the promise of the New Deal needs to be renewed, and protections for workers, the environment, and consumers in the U.S. need to be brought closer to the standards set in places like Germany and Scandinavia. 

But to do that first thing, a second thing is necessary. Changes within company law itself must occur, so that corporations are better positioned to support the restoration of that framework and govern themselves internally in a manner that respects their workers and society. Changing the power structure within corporate law itself—to require companies to give fair consideration to stakeholders and temper their need to put profit above all other values—will also limit the ability and incentives for companies to weaken regulations that protect workers, consumers, and society more generally.

To make this change, corporate purpose has to be enshrined in the heart of corporate law as an expression of the broader responsibility of corporations to society and the duty of directors to ensure this. Laws already on the books of many states in the U.S. do exactly that by authorizing the public benefit corporation (PBC). A PBC has an obligation to state a public purpose beyond profit, to fulfill that purpose as part of the responsibilities of its directors, and to be accountable for so doing. This model is meaningfully distinct from the constituency statutes in some states that seek to strengthen stakeholder interests, but that stakeholder advocates condemn as ineffectual. PBCs have an affirmative duty to be good corporate citizens and to treat all stakeholders with respect. Such requirements are mandatory and meaningful, while constituency statutes are mushy.

The PBC model is growing in importance and is embraced by many younger entrepreneurs committed to the idea that making money in a way that is fair to everyone is the responsible path forward. But the model’s ultimate success depends on longstanding corporations moving to adopt it. 

Even in the wake of the Roundtable’s high-minded statement, that has not yet happened, and for good reason. Although corporations can opt in to become a PBC, there is no obligation on them to do so and they need the support of their shareholders. It is relatively easy for founder-owned companies or companies with a relatively low number of stockholders to adopt PBC forms if their owners are so inclined. It is much tougher to obtain the approval of a dispersed group of institutional investors who are accountable to an even more dispersed group of individual investors. There is a serious coordination problem of achieving reform in existing corporations.

That is why the law needs to change. Instead of being an opt-in alternative to shareholder primacy, the PBC should be the universal standard for societally important corporations, which should be defined as ones with over $1 billion of revenues, as suggested by Sen. Elizabeth Warren. In the U.S., this would be done most effectively by corporations becoming PBCs under state law. The magic of the U.S. system has rested in large part on cooperation between the federal government and states, which provides society with the best blend of national standards and nimble implementation. This approach would build on that.

Corporate shareholders and directors enjoy substantial advantages and protections through U.S. law that are not extended to those who run their own businesses. In return for offering these privileges, society can reasonably expect to benefit, not suffer, from what corporations do. Making responsibility in society a duty in corporate law will reestablish the legitimacy of incorporation.

There are three pillars to this. The first is that corporations must be responsible corporate citizens, treating their workers and other stakeholders fairly, and avoiding externalities, such as carbon emissions, that cause unreasonable or disproportionate harm to others. The second is that corporations should seek to make profit by benefiting others. The third is that they should be able to demonstrate that they fulfill both criteria by measuring and reporting their performances against them.

The PBC model embraces all three elements and puts legal, and thus market, force behind them. Corporate managers, like most of us, take obligatory duties seriously. If they don’t, the PBC model allows for courts to issue orders, such as injunctions, holding corporations to their stakeholder and societal obligations. In addition, the PBC model requires fairness to all stakeholders at all stages of a corporation’s life, even when it is sold. The PBC model shifts power to socially responsible investment and index funds that focus on the long term and cannot gain from unsustainable approaches to growth that harm society. 

Our proposal to amend corporate law to ensure responsible corporate citizenship will prompt a predictable outcry from vested interests and traditional academic quarters, claiming that it will be unworkable, devastating for entrepreneurship and innovation, undermine a capitalist system that has been an engine for growth and prosperity, and threaten jobs, pensions, and investment around the world. If putting the purpose of a business at the heart of corporate law does all of that, one might well wonder why we invented the corporation in the first place. 

Of course, it will do exactly the opposite. Putting purpose into law will simplify, not complicate, the running of businesses by aligning what the law wants them to do with the reason why they are created. It will be a source of entrepreneurship, innovation, and inspiration to find solutions to problems that individuals, societies, and the natural world face. It will make markets and the capitalist system function better by rewarding positive contributions to well-being and prosperity, not wealth transfers at the expense of others. It will create meaningful, fulfilling jobs, support employees in employment and retirement, and encourage investment in activities that generate wealth for all. 

We are calling for the universal adoption of the PBC for large corporations. We do so to save our capitalist system and corporations from the devastating consequences of their current approaches, and for the sake of our children, our societies, and the natural world. 

À la prochaine…

Dans un article du Financial Times (« European companies were more keen to cut divis than executive pay », 9 septembre 2020), il est observé que les assemblées annuelles de grandes entreprises européennes montrent des disparités concernant la protection des salariés et la réduction des dividendes.

Extrait :

Businesses in Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK were more likely to cut dividends than executive pay this year, despite calls from shareholders for bosses to share the financial pain caused by the pandemic.

More than half of Spanish businesses examined by Georgeson, a corporate governance consultancy, cancelled, postponed or reduced dividends in 2020. Only 29 per cent introduced a temporary reduction in executive pay. In Italy, 44 per cent of companies changed their dividend policies because of Covid-19, but just 29 per cent cut pay for bosses, according to the review of the annual meeting season in Europe.

This disparity between protection of salaries and bonuses at the top while shareholders have been hit with widespread dividend cuts is emerging as a flashpoint for investors. Asset managers such as Schroders and M&G have spoken out about the need for companies to show restraint on pay if they are cutting dividends or receiving government support. “Executive remuneration remains a key focal point for investors and was amongst the most contested resolutions in the majority of the markets,” said Georgeson’s Domenic Brancati.

But he added that despite this focus, shareholder revolts over executive pay had fallen slightly across Europe compared with 2019 — suggesting that investors were giving companies some leeway on how they dealt with the pandemic. Investors could become more vocal about this issue next year, he said.

One UK-based asset manager said it was “still having lots of conversations with companies around pay” but for this year had decided not to vote against companies on the issue. But it added the business would watch remuneration and dividends closely next year.

Companies around the world have cut or cancelled dividends in response to the crisis, hitting income streams for many investors. According to Janus Henderson, global dividends had their biggest quarterly fall in a decade during the second quarter, with more than $100bn wiped off their value. The Georgeson data shows that almost half of UK companies changed their dividend payout, while less than 45 per cent altered executive remuneration. In the Netherlands, executive pay took a hit at 29 per cent of companies, while 34 per cent adjusted dividends. In contrast, a quarter of Swiss executives were hit with a pay cut but only a fifth of companies cut or cancelled their dividend.

The Georgeson research also found that the pandemic had a significant impact on the AGM process across Europe, with many companies postponing their annual meetings or stopping shareholders from voting during the event.

À la prochaine…

Une nouvelle qui ne devrait pas étonnée : Les dividendes ont chuté de 22% dans le monde au second trimestre 2020, avec une baisse encore plus marquée en Europe, plombés par les effets de la pandémie de Covid-19 qui a fortement affecté les entreprises, selon un rapport publié ce lundi.

Le recul de 22% des dividendes « représente aisément la plus lourde chute trimestrielle depuis la crise financière mondiale », détaille ce rapport de la société de gestion Janus Henderson Investors, qui précise que « plus de la moitié » des entreprises « les ont purement et simplement supprimés ».

• Pour en savoir plus : « Les dividendes ont chuté de 22% dans le monde au 2e trimestre », La Tribune, 24 août 2020

À la prochaine…

Me Laure Levine du cabinet Stikeman Elliott publie un billet éclairant sur la manière dont les grandes entreprises doivent divulguer l’information financière : « L’importance de l’information financière au temps de la COVID-19 » (24 juillet 2020).

Extrait :

Les ACVM ont publié une déclaration de soutien à la déclaration sur l’importance de fournir de l’information relative à la COVID-19 (la « déclaration de l’OICV ») de l’Organisation internationale des commissions de valeurs (l’« OICV ») du 29 mai 2020, qui rappelle aux émetteurs l’importance de communiquer une information financière de grande qualité aux investisseurs. Les ACVM renvoient également les émetteurs assujettis canadiens à leur présentation du 6 mai 2020 – COVID-19 : Les obligations d’information continue des émetteurs et leurs enjeux (la « présentation des ACVM »), qui décrit un certain nombre d’importants enjeux en lien avec la communication de l’information financière des émetteurs, y compris le rapport de gestion et les déclarations de changement important.

Dans sa déclaration, l’OICV reconnaît l’incidence considérable de la COVID-19 sur l’information publiée dans les états financiers des sociétés ouvertes à travers le monde et observe que les émetteurs vont devoir porter des jugements et faire des estimations importants dont le niveau d’incertitude sera plus élevé que d’habitude. Elle rappelle aux émetteurs l’importance d’avoir de l’information exacte pour faire des estimations et porter des jugements éclairés, compte tenu des répercussions de la pandémie de COVID-19 et de l’aide ou du soutien gouvernemental dont les émetteurs peuvent se prévaloir. (…).

Les émetteurs devraient également essayer d’adapter l’information donnée à propos de la COVID-19 à leur propre situation. Comme nous l’avons observé dans le passé, les formules toutes faites ou le modèle de communication universel de l’information ne suffiront généralement pas à décrire les incidences réelles ou éventuelles de la COVID-19 sur les activités de l’émetteur. Surtout, malgré les nombreuses répercussions de la COVID-19, les exigences de fond et de forme liées aux obligations d’information continue canadiennes demeurent les mêmes. Par conséquent, les effets de la COVID-19 se feront sentir sur certaines obligations d’information existantes.

Rapport de gestion

Dans son rapport de gestion, l’émetteur doit s’efforcer d’expliquer ce qui suit :

• Les répercussions réelles ou éventuelles de la COVID-19 sur ses résultats financiers, sa situation financière et ses flux de trésorerie. Il faut examiner les incidences de la COVID-19 sur les politiques de dividendes, le coût des immobilisations, ainsi que la capacité à recouvrer les comptes débiteurs et à s’acquitter des comptes fournisseurs et des autres obligations contractuelles, notamment les facilités de crédit et les passifs liés aux baux, entre autres.
• La manière dont il a changé sa stratégie afin d’endiguer les effets de la COVID-19. Il devrait mettre à jour ou retirer l’information prospective communiquée antérieurement afin de rendre compte de son changement de stratégie. Il devrait se demander s’il existe un fondement valable à l’information prospective communiquée antérieurement et quelles ont été les incidences de la COVID-19 sur ses perspectives globales en lien avec ses activités et sa situation de trésorerie à court et à long terme.
• Les mesures qu’il a prises afin d’atténuer les incidences de la pandémie sur son entreprise.

La présentation des ACVM rappelle aux émetteurs que le rapport de gestion est censé être un exposé de leurs résultats financiers du point de vue de la direction et met en évidence quatre principaux points d’intérêt dont ils doivent traiter dans leur rapport de gestion en lien avec la COVID-19 (…).

Information financière

Les ACVM reconnaissent que les émetteurs établissent leurs états financiers avec de l’information possiblement imparfaite, dans un contexte évolutif et incertain. Les émetteurs devraient formuler des jugements éclairés en fonction de la meilleure information disponible. À mesure que de nouvelles données émergent, il faut se demander s’il est nécessaire de mettre à jour les jugements et estimations ou l’information passée.

Les émetteurs doivent se rappeler des indications données dans l’Avis 52-306 du personnel des ACVM (révisé), Mesures financières non conformes aux PCGR, particulièrement au moment de décrire une perte ou une dépense comme étant non récurrente, rare ou inhabituelle lorsqu’une perte semblable est raisonnablement susceptible de se produire au cours d’une période de deux exercices. En outre, les ACVM considèrent qu’il serait trompeur de qualifier un ajustement comme étant relié à la COVID-19 si la direction n’explique pas de quelle façon ce montant y était expressément associé.

Déclarations de changement important

Finalement, la présentation des ACVM donne des indications sur les situations dans lesquelles la COVID-19 pourrait déclencher la production d’une déclaration de changement important. Même si une incidence égale sur l’ensemble d’un secteur d’activité ne constitue probablement pas un changement important, les incidences propres à l’émetteur pourraient nécessiter le dépôt d’une déclaration de changement important. Voici des exemples d’information potentiellement importante découlant de la COVID-19 énumérés dans la présentation des ACVM :

• Perturbation importante du personnel ou des activités d’exploitation de l’émetteur.
• Retards ou perturbations dans la chaîne d’approvisionnement.
• Hausse du coût des produits ou des services.

À la prochaine…

La taxation des géants du numérique est toujours un sujet d’actualité : « La taxation du numérique dans l’impasse » (Le Devoir, 19 juin 2020).

Extrait :

Les négociations internationales sur la taxation du numérique, pomme de discorde récurrente entre Washington et Paris, se retrouvent dans l’impasse après la « pause » annoncée par les États-Unis, au risque de déclencher une guerre commerciale comme le craint l’OCDE.

Pour rappel, dans le cadre de ses recherches, TaxCOOP a analysé les documents constitutifs de plus de 190 pays à la recherche de dispositions fiscales créant l’obligation pour toute personne de payer sa « juste part » d’impôt. Il appert que les constitutions de trente-huit pays contiennent des dispositions à cet effet. Cet important constat soulève la question suivante : l’évitement fiscal est-il vraiment légal ou pourrait-il plutôt être inconstitutionnel? Ces dispositions fiscales inscrites au sein des documents considérés comme première source du droit pourraient-elles limiter l’utilisation de stratagèmes fiscaux et ainsi assurer que l’ensemble des contribuables paient leur « juste part »?

• La constitution des pays Évitement fiscal : à l’ encontre de la Constitution ?

À la prochaine…