actualités canadiennes finance sociale et investissement responsable Normes d'encadrement normes de marché Responsabilité sociale des entreprises
Investissement d’impact : explication
Ivan Tchotourian 15 novembre 2023 Ivan Tchotourian
Retour sur l’investissement d’impact dans cet article Le Devoir : « Changer le monde à coups d’investissements » (11 novembre 2023).
Extrait :
Avoir un impact
En environnement, poursuit Richard Cloutier, il y a une question qui est souvent passée sous silence : plus l’entreprise va croître en effet, plus son empreinte environnementale va être importante, souligne-t-il. Mais il est rare que les entrepreneurs se fassent demander leurs résultats environnementaux par les investisseurs potentiels. « Malgré les beaux discours, la réalité, c’est que la protection de l’environnement n’est pas un critère primordial pour la plupart des détenteurs de fonds », regrette-t-il.
Selon lui, l’élément clé qui permettra de minimiser les répercussions environnementales d’une compagnie serait de resserrer la réglementation en la matière. « Plus les règlements vont être sévères, plus les entreprises existantes vont devoir trouver des solutions, et plus nos jeunes pousses vont se creuser les méninges pour trouver des réponses à leurs problèmes. C’est la seule façon d’amener de l’innovation dans ce marché », croit Richard Cloutier.
Daniel Armali explique quant à lui que l’un des objectifs d’Amplify Capital est de transformer tous les investisseurs en investisseurs d’impact. « Si nous démontrons que nous injectons de l’argent dans l’entrepreneuriat québécois en faisant le bien autour de nous, tout en ayant de bons revenus, nous pensons que cela va pousser d’autres investisseurs à suivre le pas », indique-t-il, tout en soulignant que le Québec a une longueur d’avance sur le reste du Canada pour tout ce qui touche l’économie d’impact.
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actualités internationales Gouvernance normes de droit normes de marché Responsabilité sociale des entreprises
Bien commun : les entreprises peuvent-elles y contribuer ?
Ivan Tchotourian 29 mars 2021 Ivan Tchotourian
Émission intéressante dans Le temps du débat (animé par par Raphaël Bourgois) offerte par France Culture le 5 décembre 2020 : « Tech For Good : les entreprises peuvent-elles travailler au bien commun ? ».
Résumé
L’Appel Tech for Good a été signé lundi 30 novembre, aboutissement d’une initiative lancée en mai 2018 par Emmanuel Macron, lorsqu’il invitait à l’Elysée les géants du numérique. Deux ans et demi plus tard l’Appel Tech for Good a été signé par 75 grandes entreprises qui assurent de leur engagement à « mettre la technologie au service du progrès humain ». On notera tout de même l’absence de deux entreprises de taille : les américains Amazon et Apple ont pour l’instant refusé de s’associer à cette initiative pourtant non contraignante.
A ce volet, qu’on pourrait dire éthique, il faut ajouter un volet réglementaire au niveau européen : le 15 décembre la Commission devrait présenter le Digital Services Act et le Digital Market Act. Son objectif : mieux définir la responsabilité des plateformes et des réseaux, mais aussi dépoussiérer le droit de la concurrence, empêcher les abus de position dominante et permettre à des alternatives européennes d’émerger.
Il y aurait donc un mouvement général vers un meilleur encadrement des entreprises, leur responsabilisation sur des enjeux comme l’environnement, la diversité, le partage de la valeur ou le partage du pouvoir. Et les entreprises dites de la Tech en seraient le fer de lance. L’économie de demain sera écologique et sociale ou ne sera pas disent les uns… tout ceci n’est green ou social washing rétorquent les autres. Mais surtout, la question qui reste entière c’est de savoir qui dit le « good », de quel « bien » parle-t-on, qui et comment le mesure-t-on ?
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actualités internationales Divulgation divulgation extra-financière Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement normes de droit normes de marché Responsabilité sociale des entreprises
Approche juridique sur la transparence ESG
Ivan Tchotourian 3 août 2020 Ivan Tchotourian
Excellente lecture ce matin de ce billet du Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance : « Legal Liability for ESG Disclosures » (de Connor Kuratek, Joseph A. Hall et Betty M. Huber, 3 août 2020). Dans cette publication, vous trouverez non seulement une belle synthèse des référentiels actuels, mais aussi une réflexion sur les conséquences attachées à la mauvaise divulgation d »information.
Extrait :
3. Legal Liability Considerations
Notwithstanding the SEC’s position that it will not—at this time—mandate additional climate or ESG disclosure, companies must still be mindful of the potential legal risks and litigation costs that may be associated with making these disclosures voluntarily. Although the federal securities laws generally do not require the disclosure of ESG data except in limited instances, potential liability may arise from making ESG-related disclosures that are materially misleading or false. In addition, the anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws apply not only to SEC filings, but also extend to less formal communications such as citizenship reports, press releases and websites. Lastly, in addition to potential liability stemming from federal securities laws, potential liability could arise from other statutes and regulations, such as federal and state consumer protection laws.
A. Federal Securities Laws
When they arise, claims relating to a company’s ESG disclosure are generally brought under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, which covers material misstatements and omissions in securities offering documents, and under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and rule 10b-5, the principal anti-fraud provisions. To date, claims brought under these two provisions have been largely unsuccessful. Cases that have survived the motion to dismiss include statements relating to cybersecurity (which many commentators view as falling under the “S” or “G” of ESG), an oil company’s safety measures, mine safety and internal financial integrity controls found in the company’s sustainability report, website, SEC filings and/or investor presentations.
Interestingly, courts have also found in favor of plaintiffs alleging rule 10b-5 violations for statements made in a company’s code of conduct. Complaints, many of which have been brought in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, have included allegations that a company’s code of conduct falsely represented company standards or that public comments made by the company about the code misleadingly publicized the quality of ethical controls. In some circumstances, courts found that statements about or within such codes were more than merely aspirational and did not constitute inactionable puffery, including when viewed in context rather than in isolation. In late March 2020, for example, a company settled a securities class action for $240 million alleging that statements in its code of conduct and code of ethics were false or misleading. The facts of this case were unusual, but it is likely that securities plaintiffs will seek to leverage rulings from the court in that class action to pursue other cases involving code of conducts or ethics. It remains to be seen whether any of these code of conduct case holdings may in the future be extended to apply to cases alleging 10b-5 violations for statements made in a company’s ESG reports.
B. State Consumer Protection Laws
Claims under U.S. state consumer protection laws have been of limited success. Nevertheless, many cases have been appealed which has resulted in additional litigation costs in circumstances where these costs were already significant even when not appealed. Recent claims that were appealed, even if ultimately failed, and which survived the motion to dismiss stage, include claims brought under California’s consumer protection laws alleging that human right commitments on a company website imposed on such company a duty to disclose on its labels that it or its supply chain could be employing child and/or forced labor. Cases have also been dismissed for lack of causal connection between alleged violation and economic injury including a claim under California, Florida and Texas consumer protection statutes alleging that the operator of several theme parks failed to disclose material facts about its treatment of orcas. The case was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, but was dismissed for failure to show a causal connection between the alleged violation and the plaintiffs’ economic injury.
Overall, successful litigation relating to ESG disclosures is still very much a rare occurrence. However, this does not mean that companies are therefore insulated from litigation risk. Although perhaps not ultimately successful, merely having a claim initiated against a company can have serious reputational damage and may cause a company to incur significant litigation and public relations costs. The next section outlines three key takeaways and related best practices aimed to reduce such risks.
C. Practical Recommendations
Although the above makes clear that ESG litigation to date is often unsuccessful, companies should still be wary of the significant impacts of such litigation. The following outlines some key takeaways and best practices for companies seeking to continue ESG disclosure while simultaneously limiting litigation risk.
Key Takeaway 1: Disclaimers are Critical
As more and more companies publish reports on ESG performance, like disclaimers on forward-looking statements in SEC filings, companies are beginning to include disclaimers in their ESG reports, which disclaimers may or may not provide protection against potential litigation risks. In many cases, the language found in ESG reports will mirror language in SEC filings, though some companies have begun to tailor them specifically to the content of their ESG reports.
From our limited survey of companies across four industries that receive significant pressure to publish such reports—Banking, Chemicals, Oil & Gas and Utilities & Power—the following preliminary conclusions were drawn:
- All companies surveyed across all sectors have some type of “forward-looking statement” disclaimer in their SEC filings; however, these were generic disclaimers that were not tailored to ESG-specific facts and topics or relating to items discussed in their ESG reports.
- Most companies had some sort of disclaimer in their Sustainability Report, although some were lacking one altogether. Very few companies had disclaimers that were tailored to the specific facts and topics discussed in their ESG reports:
- In the Oil & Gas industry, one company surveyed had a tailored ESG disclaimer in its ESG Report; all others had either the same disclaimer as in SEC filings or a shortened version that was generally very broad.
- In the Banking industry, two companies lacked disclaimers altogether, but the rest had either their SEC disclaimer or a shortened version.
- In the Utilities & Power industry, one company had no disclaimer, but the rest had general disclaimers.
- In the Chemicals industry, three companies had no disclaimer in their reports, but the rest had shortened general disclaimers.
- There seems to be a disconnect between the disclaimers being used in SEC filings and those found in ESG In particular, ESG disclaimers are generally shorter and will often reference more detailed disclaimers found in SEC filings.
Best Practices: When drafting ESG disclaimers, companies should:
- Draft ESG disclaimers carefully. ESG disclaimers should be drafted in a way that explicitly covers ESG data so as to reduce the risk of litigation.
- State that ESG data is non-GAAP. ESG data is usually non-GAAP and non-audited; this should be made clear in any ESG Disclaimer.
- Have consistent disclaimers. Although disclaimers in SEC filings appear to be more detailed, disclaimers across all company documents that reference ESG data should specifically address these issues. As more companies start incorporating ESG into their proxies and other SEC filings, it is important that all language follows through.
Key Takeaway 2: ESG Reporting Can Pose Risks to a Company
This article highlighted the clear risks associated with inattentive ESG disclosure: potential litigation; bad publicity; and significant costs, among other things.
Best Practices: Companies should ensure statements in ESG reports are supported by fact or data and should limit overly aspirational statements. Representations made in ESG Reports may become actionable, so companies should disclose only what is accurate and relevant to the company.
Striking the right balance may be difficult; many companies will under-disclose, while others may over-disclose. Companies should therefore only disclose what is accurate and relevant to the company. The US Chamber of Commerce, in their ESG Reporting Best Practices, suggests things in a similar vein: do not include ESG metrics into SEC filings; only disclose what is useful to the intended audience and ensure that ESG reports are subject to a “rigorous internal review process to ensure accuracy and completeness.”
Key Takeaway 3: ESG Reporting Can Also be Beneficial for Companies
The threat of potential litigation should not dissuade companies from disclosing sustainability frameworks and metrics. Not only are companies facing investor pressure to disclose ESG metrics, but such disclosure may also incentivize companies to improve internal risk management policies, internal and external decisional-making capabilities and may increase legal and protection when there is a duty to disclose. Moreover, as ESG investing becomes increasingly popular, it is important for companies to be aware that robust ESG reporting, which in turn may lead to stronger ESG ratings, can be useful in attracting potential investors.
Best Practices: Companies should try to understand key ESG rating and reporting methodologies and how they match their company profile.
The growing interest in ESG metrics has meant that the number of ESG raters has grown exponentially, making it difficult for many companies to understand how each “rater” calculates a company’s ESG score. Resources such as the Better Alignment Project run by the Corporate Reporting Dialogue, strive to better align corporate reporting requirements and can give companies an idea of how frameworks such as CDP, CDSB, GRI and SASB overlap. By understanding the current ESG market raters and methodologies, companies will be able to better align their ESG disclosures with them. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce report noted above also suggests that companies should “engage with their peers and investors to shape ESG disclosure frameworks and standards that are fit for their purpose.”
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actualités canadiennes finance sociale et investissement responsable Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement normes de marché Responsabilité sociale des entreprises
COVID-19 : les facteurs ESG ne sont pas à négliger
Ivan Tchotourian 1 mai 2020 Ivan Tchotourian
Dans Finance et investissement du 27 avril 2020, figure un article intéressant montrant que les entreprises et fonds faisant place aux facteurs ESG performent mieux dans le contexte de la COVID-19 : « COVID-19 : les facteurs ESG ne sont pas à négliger ».
Extrait :
Si nombre de personnes se désintéressent des considérations environnementales, sociales et de gouvernance (ESG) des entreprises en ces temps de crise, elles devraient revoir leurs priorités. Nombre d’experts affirment ainsi que ces facteurs importent plus que jamais, relate un article récent de Morningstar.
Aux États-Unis, les fonds communs de placement (FCP) et les fonds négociés en Bourse (FNB) d’actions ESG performent mieux que leurs homologues conventionnels, selon le chef de la recherche sur la durabilité à Morningstar, Jon Hale.
« Comme tous les autres fonds d’action, ceux qui sont axés sur la durabilité ont subi soudainement de grosses pertes au premier trimestre de 2020 à cause de la pandémie du coronavirus, mais ils ont mieux tenu le coup que les fonds conventionnels. Sept fonds d’action durables sur 10 ont fini dans la première moitié de leurs catégories respectives, et 24 sur 26 fonds indiciels axés sur les facteurs ESG ont surclassé leurs proches homologues conventionnels », précise-t-il.
« Les sociétés bien gérées, plus stables et plus sûres avec des pratiques environnementales, sociales de gouvernance (ESG) solides ont généralement mieux réagi à la crise », convient le directeur général de Calvert, John Streur.
Jon Hale explique la meilleure performance des fonds durables par rapport à leurs homologues conventionnels en raison de leurs placements principalement sur des sociétés au risque ESG plus faible et aussi pour leur tendance à sous-pondérer les titres énergétiques.
Si cette performance s’explique concrètement, la logique générale suivie par ces fonds s’applique particulièrement bien à une situation comme celle que nous vivons aujourd’hui.
« Les priorités ESG sont en fait essentielles pour le développement de la valeur des actions d’une société, notamment à long terme. Beaucoup des priorités que nous recommandons ou dont nous nous faisons apôtres pour les investisseurs en temps « normal » sont aussi prioritaires en ce moment », signale Anthony Schein, directeur du plaidoyer pour les actionnaires à SHARE.
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Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement normes de marché Nouvelles diverses Responsabilité sociale des entreprises
Un risque de « social washing » avec la COVID-19 ?
Ivan Tchotourian 20 avril 2020
Financial Advisor publie une synthèse pertinente à l’heure de la COVID-19 : « ‘Social Washing’ Is Becoming Growing Headache For ESG Investors » (par Alastair Marsh, 10 avril 2020).
Extrait :
ESG investors face a new threat in the age of coronavirus: “social washing.”
Much like the greenwashing that exaggerates or misrepresents the environmental credentials of a project or a company, social washing can occur when the impact of an investment on labor rights or human rights are falsely overstated, said Arthur Krebbers, head of sustainable finance for corporates at Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc’s NatWest Markets unit. And it’s a growing risk as investors focus more attention on social issues.
In the past six weeks, NatWest has seen a significant increase in inquiries from clients on issues such as sick leave for workers and the rights of contract workers.
The coronavirus outbreak is awakening fund managers who consider environmental, social and governance issues when investing to blind spots in their analysis of companies. While fighting climate change has been the top priority for many ESG funds, the spreading pandemic is prompting investors to put a greater emphasis on the “S” of ESG and consider how companies treat employees during the pandemic.
Krebbers’s comments followed the Principles for Responsible Investment, the biggest network of responsible investment firms, which said last month that ESG investors must up their game to hold companies accountable for social issues. The PRI emphasized how the lack of paid sick leave or benefits has left many workers in precarious positions during coronavirus lockdowns.
“The big challenge with social is the data,” Krebbers said. “The reporting tends to be more localized and it’s harder to define, especially when you compare to environmental issues where the carbon footprint provides for a well-understood, comparable metric. A lot more thought and analysis is required if we are to avoid ‘social washing’ situations.”
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