Structures juridiques | Page 14

Le magazine The Economist publie en septembre un numéro consacré au gigantisme des sociétés par actions et à la tendance au regroupement qui se développe depuis quelque temps : « A giant problem ».

DISRUPTION may be the buzzword in boardrooms, but the most striking feature of business today is not the overturning of the established order. It is the entrenchment of a group of superstar companies at the heart of the global economy. Some of these are old firms, like GE, that have reinvented themselves. Some are emerging-market champions, like Samsung, which have seized the opportunities provided by globalisation. The elite of the elite are high-tech wizards—Google, Apple, Facebook and the rest—that have conjured up corporate empires from bits and bytes.

As our special report this week makes clear, the superstars are admirable in many ways. They churn out products that improve consumers’ lives, from smarter smartphones to sharper televisions. They provide Americans and Europeans with an estimated $280 billion-worth of “free” services—such as search or directions—a year. But they have two big faults. They are squashing competition, and they are using the darker arts of management to stay ahead. Neither is easy to solve. But failing to do so risks a backlash which will be bad for everyone.

À la prochaine…

Ivan Tchotourian

Le blog de l’Université d’Oxford relaie ce papier de Deborah A. DeMott : « Fiduciary Contours: Perspectives on Mutual Funds and Private Funds » du 22 août 2016. Excellente étude sur les devoirs fiduciaires des gestionnaires et la protection des investisseurs-consommateurs !

My paper,  written for a forthcoming book focused on research concerning mutual funds, examines the content, scope, and function of the fiduciary duties owed by investment managers, drawing in particular on contrasts between mutual (or public) funds and private funds (principally hedge funds and private equity funds). The paper surveys the relevant regulatory architectures as well as private-law duties of loyalty. The paper also develops more specific contrasts between mutual funds and private funds concerning principal transactions, fees, fund governance, and regulatory frameworks for internal compliance. The thesis of the paper is that in the mutual-fund context, the specifics of fiduciary duty reflect distinctive and hybrid qualities of this form of investment in securities, conventionally understood to involve an investment company that issues shares to public investors as well as a highly prescriptive regulatory structure, embodied in the United States in the Investment Company Act of 1940. The Investment Company Act, an exemplar of a ‘rules-based’ regulatory regime, addresses many potential breaches of fiduciary duties through prescription, for example, by prohibiting principal transactions, those between the fund itself and its manager or between the fund and the manager’s affiliates.

In contrast, fiduciary duties in the private-fund context exemplify a ‘principles-based’ regime, embodied in the not-so-prescriptive structure of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, which applies to fund managers required to register with the SEC as investment advisers. In this less prescriptive realm, fiduciary duties are harder to assess, at least in part because many private-fund managers until recently operated behind a thick veil of opacity.

À la prochaine…

Ivan Tchotourian

Bel article synthétique d’Ian Jeffrey sur la question suivante (question que se posent les jeunes entrepreneurs de start up) : « To vest or not to vest cofounder shares ».

It’s common knowledge that employees must vest their stock options over time.

When I first got started in the startup world over 10 years ago, vesting schedules were typically 48 months on a 12 month cliff. A cliff is a stipulation dictating that if someone leaves the company before a pre-determined length of time (in this example 12 months), the leaving person loses 100 per cent of their equity. (For those of you who don’t know the mechanics of vesting, I wrote about it here a year ago.)

More recently, 36 month vesting  on a six-month cliff seems to be more and more common. That’s no doubt a good thing for employees.

Employee stock options and vesting are topics that come up all the time when I meet with founders, but they’re always surprised when I ask them about their founder shares’ vesting schedule.

À la prochaine…

Ivan Tchotourian

Le séminaire DRT-7022 donné à l’automne 2016 apportera aux étudiants une réflexion originale sur les liens entre la sphère économico-juridique, la gouvernance des entreprises et les enjeux sociétaux actuels. Le séminaire s’interrogera sur le contenu des normes de gouvernance et leur pertinence dans un contexte de profonds questionnements des modèles économique et financier.

En partenariat avec les éditions Yvon Blais, un prix (en dotation de livres) sera remis aux meilleurs travaux de recherche.

Pour faciliter la diffusion des travaux réalisés par les étudiants, le séminaire DRT-7022 fera appel à deux moyens. D’une part, le séminaire comprendra un colloque-étudiant. Les étudiants participeront comme conférenciers à un colloque organisé par le CÉDÉ. Cette tribune publique leur permettra de présenter le résultat de leurs recherches effectuées durant la session d’hiver. D’autre part, le séminaire bénéficiera du soutien de trois blogues : le blogue Droit de l’entreprise : gouvernance comparée et responsabilité sociétale (ici), le blogue de Jacques Grisé – Gouvernance (ici) et le blogue Gouvernance & services financiers du Centre d’Études en Droit Économique (CÉDÉ) (ici). Ces blogues seront des partenaires privilégiés en proposant aux étudiants de diffuser certains de leurs travaux afin de leur donner une audience provinciale et nationale, et ce, au travers d’un format original.

À la prochaine…

Ivan Tchotourian

Le Devoir nous a annoncé il y a peu le rachat de CST (qui ne connaît pas Ultramar au Québec) par l’entreprise Couche-Tard : « Alimentation Couche-Tard achète CST pour 4,4 milliards $US ». L’entreprise québécoise finance la transaction — assujettie à l’approbation des actionnaires de CST ainsi qu’aux approbations réglementaires usuelles aux États-Unis et au Canada — à même ses liquidités, ses facilités de crédit existantes ainsi qu’un nouveau prêt à terme.

Alimentation Couche-Tard a renforcé sa position comme l’une des plus importantes chaînes de dépanneurs en Amérique du Nord en achetant sa rivale CST Brand pour 4,4 milliards $ US.

Annoncée lundi, après une semaine de rumeurs, la transaction équivaut à 48,53 $ US par action — soit une prime de 42 % par rapport au prix du titre de CST Brands à la clôture des marchés le 3 mars — et inclut la prise en charge de la dette de l’entreprise américaine.

À la prochaine…

Ivan Tchotourian

Excellent document produit par McKinsey & Company : « Nonfinancial risk: A growing challenge for the bank » (juillet 2016). Ce document rappelle que l’extra-financier est devenu un facteur à gérer par les institutions financières…

Yet the direct financial consequences of non Financial risk (NFR) are not the only concern. The reputational damage wrought can hit a bank hard at a time when customers, shareholders, and public stakeholders are questioning banks’ business models. And there are also the personal consequences for senior managers, whom regulators increasingly hold accountable for misconduct or failure to comply with laws and regulations. All of this, and the prospect of still tighter regulation, puts considerable pressure on banks to manage NFR better.

(…) Against this backdrop, many institutions seek a more integrated NFR-management approach in order to reduce the risk of further failures, meet stakeholders’ requirements and expectations, and limit costs. This article describes the three key components of such an integrated approach: an enhanced governance framework, a set of enablers, and changes in the front office’s approach and mind-set. It is based on our work with many financial institutions globally and an informal survey of 15 global and regional banks. Some of the structures and ideas we outline here are familiar to banks from their work on financial risk; many are newly conceived for the management of nonfinancial risk. Taken together, a full implementation of these concepts represents a paradigm shift in the NFR-management practices of many banks today.

À la prochaine…

Ivan Tchotourian