Structures juridiques

La professeur Elizabeth Steyn aborde la responsabilité des entreprises minières pour des actes commis à l’étranger dans un billet de blogue intitulé « Holding extractive companies liable for human rights abuses committed abroad » (Western Law, 7 décembre 2000).

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A notable driver in the movement towards stronger oversight has been allegations of abuses committed in the extractive sector. Indeed, The Business & Human Rights Resource Centre’s latest Transition Minerals Tracker (May 2020) features Glencore as a top 5 company in respect of 4 out of 6 transitional commodities (cobalt, copper, nickel and zinc) and records allegations of human rights abuses in three of these categories: cobalt (10 allegations[2]); copper (32) and zinc (14). While the copper and zinc allegations against Glencore are roughly double in number to those of its nearest competitor, it ties with the DRC state mining company, Gécamines, in respect of cobalt related human rights allegations. In unrelated news, Glencore fought unsuccessfully last week to obtain a gagging injunction pertaining to allegations of child labour made against it by the organization Initiatives multinationales responsableswith reference to its Bolivian mine in Porco.

On November 29, 2020, 50.7% of the national vote went in favour of the RBI; however, it gained a majority vote in only a third of the Swiss cantons. Observers have pointed out that this is the first time in 50 years for a referendum measure to flounder due to regional restrictions despite having attracted a nationwide popular majority.

The outcome of the referendum is thus that the Swiss Responsible Business Initiative will not come into being. However, the fact that it carried the popular vote has been described as, “a clear sign to Switzerland’s multinationals that the days of avoiding scrutiny are well and truly over.”

This is in line with developments elsewhere in the world.

In Vedanta Resources Plc & Anor v Lungowe & Ors the UK Supreme Court held in 2019 in a procedural ruling that pollution charges could proceed in the UK against Vedanta Resources, plc (“Vedenta”) and its Zambian subsidiary, Konkola Copper Mines, plc (“KCM”), notwithstanding the fact that the pollution was alleged to have taken place in Zambia and that the claimants were a Zambian community. The facts relate to the operations of the Nchanga Copper Mine in the Chingola District of Zambia.

This full-bench decision is interesting for multiple reasons. First, it is a significant ruling for multinational UK parent companies with subsidiaries operating in developing countries. Second, both Vedanta and KCM had explicitly submitted to the jurisdiction of the Zambian courts. Third, although most of the proper place indicators pointed to Zambia and despite the fact that the Court found that there would be a real risk of irreconcilable judgments between Zambia and the UK, it still ruled that the UK had jurisdiction to hear the case on the basis that the claimants were likely to suffer a substantial injustice if the matter were to proceed in Zambia. Interestingly, no criticism was levied against either the administration of justice in Zambia or its legal system. Instead, the Court held that by reason of their extreme poverty the claimants would not be able to afford funding the litigation in Zambia and that they would not be able to access a Zambian legal team of sufficient expertise, experience and resources to pursue such litigation in Zambia. In other words, it became an issue where access to justice considerations trumped strict procedure.

All of this is relevant in the Canadian context. In a recent Blog I addressed the settlement of the litigation in Nevsun v Araya. Of great importance remains the fact that in February 2020 the Supreme Court of Canada has in this litigation categorically opened the way for foreign plaintiffs to bring allegations in Canadian courts of human rights abuses perpetrated by foreign subsidiaries of Canadian mining companies. While the Supreme Court made no ruling on the substance of the charges given the preliminary nature of the proceedings, future plaintiffs certainly will get to address the substance of their claim far sooner. As this note has illustrated, Canada is in step with leading business and human rights developments on the international front. That is cause for celebration.

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Bonjour à toutes et à tous, l’association Entreprises pour les droits de l’Homme (EDH) et B&L Evolution ont publié, au mois d’avril, la première étude sur les plans de vigilance des groupes français, afin d‘analyser la manière dont ils ont répondu à cette nouvelle obligation, les pratiques des entreprises pour ce premier exercice, et tirer des recommandations pour les années à venir.

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Ivan Tchotourian

Qu’apprend-t-on sur RDI Économie du 25 janvier 2017 ? Rien de moins que le Canada pourrait être un authentique paradis fiscal ! Dans « Une adresse fantôme au Québec pour faire voyager des millions de dollars », vous trouverez un beau résumé du reportage de Radio Canada, ainsi qu’une capsule-vidéo de quelques minutes résumant clairement la problématique.

Plus de 200 millions de dollars ont circulé par l’entremise de sociétés ayant une adresse postale à Québec. Comme certains paradis fiscaux, notre pays est une destination de choix pour les étrangers qui veulent créer des sociétés-écrans, a découvert Radio-Canada. Après les Panama Papers, voici les Canada Papers.

(…) L’opacité des registres des entreprises au pays est aussi mise en valeur par tous ces vendeurs de compagnies canadiennes. Ils font valoir le « haut niveau de confidentialité » canadien.

Seul le Québec dispose d’un registre en ligne qui permet de voir le nom des actionnaires gratuitement.

Ailleurs au pays, il faut souvent payer pour obtenir des informations. En Ontario, même en payant les frais demandés, il est impossible de savoir qui est le propriétaire d’une société. Seuls les noms des administrateurs sont disponibles.

Impossible non plus de connaître l’identité des bénéficiaires ultimes, c’est-à-dire le vrai propriétaire des compagnies qui serviraient de société-écran au Canada.

Certaines sociétés peuvent même utiliser des prête-noms, ce qui est tout à fait légal au Québec, par exemple.

Le manque de transparence est une lacune souvent reprochée à plusieurs pays reconnus traditionnellement comme des paradis fiscaux.

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Ivan Tchotourian

Ma collègue Beate Sjåfjell  propose un intéressant papier sur une décision judiciaire norvégienne favorable à la responsabilité sociétale : « The Courts as Environmental Champions: The Norwegian Hempel Cases ». Un beau cas de responsabilité d’une société-mère dans le domaine environnementale et de juridicité de la RSE…

This article presents the Hempel cases from the Norwegian courts, where a Danish parent company (Hempel AS) first was ordered to pay the costs for investigating the extent of pollution in ground previously owned by its Norwegian subsidiary, and then to pay the costs for cleaning up the pollution. The article argues that these decisions, although formally based on provisions in the Norwegian Pollution Control Act, de facto are innovative examples of case-law based liability, where society’s interest in environmental protection is prioritised over society’s and shareholders’ interest in protecting shareholders’ limited liability. Enhanced due diligence may be the result.

À la prochaine..

Ivan Tchotourian

À la prochaine…

Ivan Tchotourian