Normes d’encadrement | Page 102

Retour sur la trop faible féminisation des CA au Canada dans cet article du Canadian Business : « Despite growing calls for more women on boards, Corporate Canada resists » (30 juin 2016).

Shareholders in some of Canada’s biggest companies have shown some resolve to increase female representation at the board level, yet efforts in recent months to boost the number of women have been rejected time and again.

Proposals to diversify the makeup of boards at Bell and the parent company of Tim Hortons and Burger King, among other firms, fail because they often come from independent shareholders who lack the clout — and shares — controlled by large institution asset managers, said Kevin Thomas, director of shareholder engagement for the Shareholder Association for Research & Education (SHARE).

Those managers tend to vote against shareholder proposals or align their votes with management direction by default, Thomas said.

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Ivan Tchotourian

Un article de The Wall Street Journal « The End of Economic Forecasting » revient (pour la critiquer sévèrement) sur la domination de la logique financière sur les grandes entreprises actuelles.

Because financial markets and financial investors are increasingly driving the world economy and it is inherently volatile. Total global assets under professional management have now increased to an astonishing $75 trillion, according to Boston Consulting Group. These gigantic amounts are rocketing around the globe looking for returns. The result is that commodity markets, corporations, governments and other sectors are being relentlessly financialized—or tied to the fortunes of investments in markets—and thus less predictable.

(…) Financial factors also are increasingly dominating corporations—and the result is very short-term behavior. The rise of shareholder activism, hostile takeovers and newer techniques of executive compensation have put managements and boards of directors under tremendous pressure to deliver returns to shareholders now. The result is increasing focus on immediate earnings and share-price movements.

Nearly 80% of respondents to a 2014 CFO survey in the Harvard Business Review said they would sacrifice “economic value” to meet Wall Street targets. This is why so much capital has been used for share-buyback programs, rather than for long-term investment. With corporations themselves losing focus on the long term, it is harder for anyone to forecast their performance.

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Ivan Tchotourian

Selon un article de L’Agefi.fr du 31 mai 2016, « Paris veut être en pointe sur les fintechs et la finance verte ».

Le Comité Place de Paris 2020, créé en 2014 à Bercy pour favoriser la compétitivité de la Place et le financement de l’économie, veut ainsi faire de Paris la référence de la zone euro pour les financements de marché des entreprises et pour la «finance intelligente» (smart finance). Celle-ci désigne la finance verte, les investissements socialement responsables ou encore les financements de projets d’infrastructures.

Sur ce point, je rappellerai simplement que Paris Europlace va effectivement de l’avant dans le domaine de la RSE et de l’ISR. Je vous renvoie sur ce point à un article publié sur le blogue Contact de l’Université Laval intitulé : « Entreprises responsables: Paris Europlace est prêt! ».

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Ivan Tchotourian

Alors que le colloque du SASE va bientôt avoir lieu à Berkeley aux Etats-Unis, je reviens aujourd’hui sur ce que j’avais présenté au colloque qui s’était tenu en 2014 à Chicago : “Enterprise” and Lawyer’s view: By by Irresponsibility and Welcome in a New Area ».

Accédez au diaporama : PPT SASE 2014 version anglaise

Voici le résumé de cette intervention :

As institutions corporations and enterprises are the basis of capitalism and the subject of great interest for legal studies. Beyond regulation, the inherent nature of corporations raises sensitive legal questions, indeed, since its first appearance in the 18^th century. Inspired by economic and financial sciences, legal theories incorporate corporations to contracts (referred to as “aggregate theory”), a private government (referred to as “artificial theory”) and an autonomous entity (“entity theory” or “doctrine de l’entreprise” in Continental Europe). It is indeed argued that incorporating corporations to a simple nexus of contracts has been the subject of great attention since the 1970s, provided that none of the above theories have definitely won unanimity in law, as seen by a comparative reading of the Canadian, American and European jurisprudence. Corporate governance rules clearly demonstrate such incorporation. In its essence, however, the contractual analysis regards the corporation as a means to serving private interests whereby the liability schemes are limited to protecting the supplier of capital. The contractual analysis’s vision is indeed restricted, and it summarizes its goals, to the sought-after maximization of the corporation’s shareholders value. At the heart of the corporation’s issues lies the financial aspect. Within this framework, non-financial concerns appear far away and are dealt with as simple externality that poses management problems. Nonetheless, the corporation’s activities are bearing an economic power that is today seen as ever increasingly significant and its financial and non-financial consequences should be the basis of further thinking. Yet, Canadian law has engaged into this pathway. On the one hand, Canadian corporate law has experienced a profound re-assessment through the Supreme Court of Canada’s decisions in Peoples (2004) and BCE (2008). Far from being a strict contractual reading of the corporation, these decisions have shed light on the importance of different paradigms such as corporate social responsibility and the stakeholders’ theory. Indeed, new incorporated corporate concepts have reshaped the way the corporation is perceived and its relationship with the environment. On the other hand, Canadian competition law attempts at integrating social concerns into its political sphere. In 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada has allowed the commencement of proceedings by indirect purchasers by way of a class action (see cases of Pros-sys, Sun-Rype and Infineon). Case law contemplates limiting the negative impact of anti-competition practices implemented by multinational corporations. The objective is to reinstate an economic balance as between corporations and its clients. The consumer is indeed called upon to play a protective role in the market in addition to the Canadian Competition authority’s competence. As affirmed by the Canadian Competition Tribunal in the decision of Visa/Master Card certain competition disputes between merchants are of common interest. Thus, the public should be made aware of the difficulties met by the businesses in the market. In light of the recent Canadian case law standpoint, it most certainly raises questions about the role that competition policies play within the corporation’s economic activities framework. This paper suggests showing the current legal positions of Canadian corporations and its competition law framework, in addition to putting them into perspective with  their US and European counterparts. In addition to demonstrating their convergence in favor of a more social concern, we stand for the proposition that corporations, as has been defined by the jurist, does not only form a contract. Indeed, it is an institution that carries responsibilities as against its own environment.

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Ivan Tchotourian

Le message est clair pour Robert Dutton : « Québec doit protéger ses sièges sociaux » (Journal de Montréal, 20 juin 2016). Pendant son intervention, Robert Dutton a précisé qu’un fonds ad hoc devrait être créée et avoir des objectifs de rendement à remplir. L’homme d’affaires pense aussi que le gouvernement pourrait voter des lois pour protéger les sièges sociaux, par exemple, en accordant plus de droits de vote aux actionnaires de longue date qu’aux spéculateurs ou en octroyant des pouvoirs aux conseils d’administration, qui reçoivent des offres d’achat hostiles.

Robert Dutton réclame la création d’un fonds d’intervention pour protéger les entreprises québé-coises de prises de contrôle étrangères. Selon l’ancien président et chef de la direction de RONA, il ne revient pas à la Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec d’assumer un tel mandat.

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Ivan Tchotourian