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actualités canadiennes Gouvernance mission et composition du conseil d'administration Normes d'encadrement Nouvelles diverses

Huit bonnes idées pour la gouvernance des sociétés : le message de la FTQ

La FTQ publie un billet dans laquelle elle expose les 8 bonnes idées de la gouvernance : ici. Quelles sont-elles ?

1. Comprendre l’utilité d’un conseil d’administration

2. Ne pas confondre supervision et gestion

3. Agir avec loyauté envers l’entreprise

4. Créer de la valeur par la complémentarité

5. Lutter contre la « pensée groupale »

6. Prôner l’observation et la formation

7. Dans un monde idéal, viser entre sept et neuf membres

8. Assurer une rotation des membres

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finance sociale et investissement responsable Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement normes de droit Responsabilité sociale des entreprises

Caisses de retraite au Canada : un pas de plus vers la finance verte

Dans La Presse, M. Décarie relaie une information intéressante pour la RSE et l’ISR : « Huit poids lourds pour une croissance plus durable et inclusive » (25 novembre 2020).

Extrait :

Ce sont les poids lourds de l’investissement au Canada. Ensemble, ils totalisent plus de 1600 milliards d’actifs sous gestion et ils ont décidé de mettre leur masse financière dans la balance en vue de forcer les entreprises à mieux présenter les données touchant les enjeux environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance qui les concernent dans leur bilan d’activités.

Pour la première fois, les huit plus grands acteurs financiers au pays ont signé une déclaration commune qu’ils vont dévoiler ce mercredi et qui a le mérite d’être claire en formulant une demande simple : plus de transparence afin de permettre une meilleure prise de décision d’investissement qui tienne compte de facteurs autres que seulement financiers.

« La façon dont les entreprises définissent et abordent des enjeux tels que ceux qui concernent la diversité et l’inclusion, le capital humain et les changements climatiques peut contribuer de manière significative à la création ou à l’érosion de valeur. Les entreprises ont l’obligation de divulguer leurs principaux risques commerciaux ainsi que leurs occasions d’affaires aux marchés financiers, et elles doivent fournir des informations financièrement pertinentes, comparables et utiles à la prise de décision », résume la déclaration des huit PDG.

On le sait, chacune des huit organisations a ses propres critères d’investissement responsable et sa grille d’évaluation des enjeux environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance (ESG), mais en regroupant leurs voix, leurs PDG sont d’avis qu’ils auront une plus grande force de persuasion.

C’est notamment l’avis de Neil Cunningham, PDG de l’Office d’investissement des régimes de pensions du secteur public (PSP), qui estime que la déclaration commune a le mérite d’envoyer un message au marché tout en sensibilisant les entreprises à l’importance de mieux rapporter leurs performances en matière d’enjeux ESG.

Standardiser la transparence

Investissements PSP gère 168 milliards d’actifs à partir de ses bureaux montréalais où travaillent plus de 750 professionnels de l’investissement. Neil Cunningham a observé que les entreprises qui mesurent et qui rapportent le plus fidèlement leur performance par rapport aux facteurs ESG vont mieux faire à long terme que celles qui ignorent ou minimisent ces enjeux.

Les PDG des huit plus grands gestionnaires de fonds de retraite du Canada se rencontrent deux fois par année avec le gouverneur de la Banque du Canada pour discuter des grands enjeux de l’heure. Lors d’une rencontre en mai dernier, ils ont convenu de l’importance de coordonner leurs efforts en matière d’enjeux ESG.

On est dans la vie de tous les jours des compétiteurs à la recherche d’opportunités de placement. On a tous des politiques d’investissement responsable et on s’est dit qu’il valait mieux se regrouper pour convaincre les entreprises d’adopter des normes qui vont permettre d’assurer une croissance économique plus durable et plus inclusive. 

Neil Cunningham, PDG de l’Office d’investissement des régimes de pensions du secteur public (PSP)

« Lors de notre dernière rencontre, il y a deux semaines, on a décidé de faire cette déclaration commune afin d’amener plus d’entreprises à rapporter leurs performances selon les normes du Sustainability Accounting Standards Board et celles du Groupe de travail sur l’information financière relative aux changements climatiques », explique Neil Cunningham.

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actualités canadiennes Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement normes de droit

Capital-actions à classe multiple : commentaire de COGECO

Dans Le Devoir, M. Gérard Bérubé offre une belle analyse du capital-actions à classe multiple pour laquelle il se montre enthousiaste en s’appuyant sur le cas de COGECO : « Sauver nos fleurons » (21 novembre 2020).

Extrait :

Québec peut, certes, envoyer un message clair proclamant la non-disponibilité de nos fleurons clés aux intérêts hors Québec, comme il l’a fait avec Cogeco, mais l’expérience de Rona est venue démontrer la portée limitée du geste. Lors de son premier essai, en 2012, Lowe’s avait
reçu le message clair du gouvernement libéral qu’il n’était pas le bienvenu à la tête de Rona. En 2016, près de quatre ans et un autre essai plus tard, le géant américain a remis cela avec une offre 65 % plus élevée que les actionnaires de Rona ne pouvaient, cette fois, refuser.

Et il restera toujours la taille des sommes en jeu, pouvant rendre difficile d’ériger une position de blocage.

Pour reprendre la position de l’Institut sur la gouvernance (IGOPP), la meilleure protection sera toujours celle de l’actionnariat de contrôle et les structures d’actions à droit de vote multiples. Y greffer une stratégie gouvernementale face aux entreprises à impact systémique dans le respect de cette réalité voulant que le Québec abrite, grosso modo, trois fois plus de prédateurs que de proies viendra renforcer la résistance. Mais la présence de grands investisseurs institutionnels, tels les fonds fiscalisés et la Caisse de dépôt, capables à leur échelle d’accompagner leurs interventions de « clauses québécoises » ou d’orchestrer une position de blocage, est devenue incontournable.

Et François Dauphin, p.-d.g. de l’IGOPP, d’évoquer qu’une dynamique de renouvellement, voire d’élargissement, du portefeuille de « fleurons » au Québec ne peut qu’ajouter à la vitalité.

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Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement rémunération

Rémunération et COVID-19

L’Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance publie une intéressante synthèse portant sur la rémunération des hauts dirigeants en période post-pandémie : « Evolving Compensation Responses to the Global Pandemic » (par Mike Kesner, Sandra Pace et John Sinkular, 7 novembre 2020).

Résumé :

  • For many of the companies severely harmed by the global pandemic, immediate cost-cutting measures were necessary to protect the business including furloughs, layoffs, suspended 401(k) matching contributions, and base salary reductions for most/all of the workforce.
  • Many of these companies approved their fiscal 2020 annual and long-term incentive (LTI) plans and prior LTI performance awards (i.e., 2018-2020 and 2019-2021 cycles) without any consideration for a global pandemic. These incentives often represent ≥50% of an executive’s annual compensation (≥70% in the case of the CEO), and it is highly likely the performance-contingent incentives are tracking to a zero payout and time-vested restricted stock units (RSUs) have greatly diminished in value.
  • The reduced value of realizable compensation directionally aligns with companies’ pay-for-performance (P4P) philosophies; however, the reductions are largely based on an unprecedented shutdown of the global economy due to health concerns and a reshaping of how many companies will “do business” now and into the future.
  • Severely harmed companies are assessing the near- and long-term implications of the downturn on all stakeholders and determining if changes to annual and long-term incentive programs are appropriate to balance the company’s talent goals with its P4P philosophy.

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Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement Nouvelles diverses Valeur actionnariale vs. sociétale

Varieties of Shareholderism: Three Views of the Corporate Purpose Cathedral

À lire cet intéressant article du professeur Licht : Amir Licht, « Varieties of Shareholderism: Three Views of the Corporate Purpose Cathedral », 19 octobre 2020, European Corporate Governance Institute – Law Working Paper No. 547/2020.

Résumé :

This Chapter seeks to make three modest contributions by offering views of the corporate purpose cathedral that bear on the role of law in it. These views underscore the difference and the tension between an individual perspective and a societal/national legal perspective on the purpose of the corporation. First, it reviews a novel dataset on national legal shareholderism – namely, the degree to which national corporate laws endorse shareholder primacy – as an exercise in operationalizing legal constructs. Second, it anchors the two archetypal approaches of shareholderism and takeholderism in personal human values. It is this connection with the fundamental conceptions of the desirable which animates attitudes and choices in this context. The upshot is potentially subversive: Legal injunctions to directors on corporate purpose might be an exercise in futility. Third, this Chapter highlights the importance of acknowledging the tensions between the two levels of analysis by looking at the works of prominent writers. Adolf Berle, Victor Brudney, and Leo Strine have been careful to keep this distinction in mind, which has enabled them to hold multiple views of the cathedral without losing sight of it.

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Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement

COVID-19 : quel impact à long terme sur le gouvernance ?

Sur le blogue d’Harvard, Michael W. Peregrine, Ralph DeJong et Sandy DiVarco reviennent en 10 points sur l’impact de la COVID-19 pour la gouvernance d’entreprise : « The Long-Term Impact of the Pandemic on Corporate Governance » (Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance, 16 juillet 2020).

Extrait :

1. The Board/Management Dynamic

The board and management should be alert to the need for clarity on lines of decision-making authority between them.

The ability of both senior leadership components to execute their duties in times of crisis requires a shared understanding of the basic distinctions between the roles of governance and of management. This is particularly the case as both seek to satisfy enhanced expectations of their conduct created by the crisis.

The Business Roundtable’s statement of governance principles [1] ascribe to the board the basic responsibility for oversight of corporate management and business strategies, consistent with the goal of long-term sustainability. It ascribes to management responsibility for establishing, managing, and implementing corporate strategies, including but not limited to the day-to-day operations of the company under board oversight and updating the board on operational status.

But the line separating what is the responsibility of the board, and what is the responsibility of management, tends to blur in times of crisis. The absence of a “bright line” separating their respective duties can be the source of much leadership-level friction. It is vitally important that the parties work diligently to establish understandable lines of authority that assure the sustainability of organizational decisions and avoid confusion.

2. Greater Board Engagement

Boards of health care entities are likely to retain for the foreseeable future a heightened level of engagement with governance responsibilities, and with management.

Disasters, such as the pandemic, call for board involvement beyond that contemplated by basic governance principles. The pandemic presents such fundamental challenges to corporate stability that the organizational response cannot be delegated to executive management as it would be in the normal course, or even with more traditional crises.

It’s a level of engagement that will be difficult to withdraw from, at least for the near term. For one reason, commerce can be expected to remain in some uproar until public health concerns have been satisfactorily addressed. The leadership, scrutiny, and perspective offered by the board will remain at a premium. For another reason, the lasting impact of the crisis on industries and individual company business models will take time to realize and address. The board will need to remain at a heightened level of attentiveness to evaluate this change. In addition, it is now clear that boards can stay well involved through a variety of “virtual” means; it is logistically easier to perform their duties.

3. Oversight of Business Resiliency

The obligation to exercise oversight of business resiliency will become a primary board focus going forward.

The evolution of the pandemic to the resumption of sustained economic activity prompts the board to pivot to its unique oversight obligation for business resiliency. This refers to concepts of oversight that focus on long-term business and cultural ‘bounce-back’ from truly abrupt disruptions of cross-industry, national, or global proportions. It is a critical board obligation under the circumstances, but one that nevertheless should be exercised with discretion to avoid unnecessary conflict with management.

Business resiliency is an essential part of the board’s risk oversight function. It is grounded in the obligation to periodically review management’s plans to recover from catastrophe and disaster, including such tasks as business continuity, physical security, cybersecurity, and crisis management.

Ultimately, this responsibility encompasses several basic categories: whether there is a plan for getting the organization back on its feet; which corporate officers are designated to lead the effort; whether outside advisors are to be consulted; what are the features of the plan; when is it to be initiated; and whether it addresses workforce health, safety, and support.

4. Enterprise Risk Management

One of the most significant governance implications of the pandemic may be its impact on the role and function of the board’s enterprise risk management (ERM) committee.

From one perspective, the pandemic may serve to elevate that committee to a role of greater significance, potentially on a par with that of the audit committee. From a related perspective, it may prompt significant board contemplation of the level of oversight expected from that committee.

The catalyst for such change is grounded in five interconnected factors: (i) the broad-based application of ERM-focused board committees; (ii) the nature and scope of the pandemic; (iii) the environment of “second guessing” on risk preparedness likely to emerge from the pandemic; (iv) the extent to which the Caremark [2]oversight standard has evolved over the past year; and (v) the lessons on risk identification disaster response that individual corporations are certain to take from the pandemic.

COVID-19 has validated the need for a vital ERM function. Perhaps more significant is the extent to which it has confirmed that cataclysmic disasters can indeed occur and may henceforth be given greater consideration in the ERM risk identification process. These factors will, in turn, place a premium on close board evaluation on the effectiveness of the current ERM program.

5. Quality and Patient Safety

A much greater level of system-wide board collaboration with management on quality of care and patient safety concerns can be expected.

The pandemic has shone a spotlight on the vital role of the board in supporting management to ensure that both that emergency preparedness and response efforts are fully coordinated, and that the impacts of a large-scale effort are analyzed from the perspective of those who are ultimately responsible for the operation of the health care enterprise.

In the past, governing boards may have considered “operational” subjects like quality of care, infection prevention, and shifts in regulatory compliance as solely the province of management and staff. Going forward, the effects of the national health emergency and the lasting influence it will have on health care operations indicate these areas are appropriate for board-level review and decision making. Oversight and inquiry to ensure that management and health care leaders have pressure-tested their plans, and considered the effect on the organization as a whole, is well within the scope of the governing board.

By way of example, the exigencies of the pandemic and the attendant stresses due to lack of health care equipment, staff, and resources have brought to the fore complex issues like rationing care and development of “crisis standards of care.” Board involvement in vetting and adopting care protocols or care priorities developed by the organization is important, as the potential risks—legal, ethical, and reputational—rest squarely with the organization.

6. Executive Compensation

Compensation Committees (and CEOs) will focus on greater discretion in executive pay programs, and on finding a new balance between salary and performance

Indeed, the lessons of the pandemic suggest that the Compensation Committee will need to address a variety of important and sometimes unique compensation concepts that may prompt a long-term expansion of its agenda.

For example, the Committee and the CEO will want to reach a new understanding on CEO emergency powers to change executive compensation during a crisis. From a talent development perspective (and to avoid losing key executives before or during a crisis), the Committee will want to review the overall retention effect of executive programs and determine when retention will be weakest.

A key pandemic lesson is the benefit of having an appropriate level of Compensation Committee discretion built into all executive compensation and benefit arrangements. This includes the flexibility in a crisis not to pay something, or to pay it later, as well as the flexibility to pay something different or additional when extraordinary circumstances intervene.

Long-standing executive pay or benefit programs should be taken off auto pilot and given a fresh look. This includes reviewing supplemental retirement plans to understand all costs under a wider range of financial scenarios, to assess long-term affordability, and to add discretion to suspend new benefits during a crisis.

Executives will be expected to conduct their work outside the traditional office setting. A mobile leadership model will have implications for paid time-off programs, productivity, availability, and performance evaluation.

With many organizations coming out of a period of executive pay reductions, and likely an absence of incentive pay awards, the Committee will wrestle with how to restore executive compensation. The Committee will have to decide whether lost amounts are restored, whether pay increases will be through salary or greater incentive opportunity, and whether restored base salaries will at least make the organization competitive for key leadership talent.

7. Scenario-based Technology Planning

More rigorous board oversight will be exercised over long-term access to key technology, equipment, and

The health care economy has long relied on the availability and effectiveness of both technology and the technicians who operate and maintain it. The pandemic and its collateral impact on technology’s adaptability has shaken that reliance with significant resulting risk implications for physician groups, providers, and similar health care enterprises.

Going forward, boards will be expected to assure that management has in place an effective emergency technology plan. Such a plan would be designed to address events and scenarios in which technology, equipment, personnel, or some combination thereof becomes unavailable, and to build a map of probabilities. Based on each emergency type, the plan would confront an operating model without historically available technology and assure access to both an off-site backup technology, and to additional technical support. Such a plan would anticipate how long the organization can effectively operate under emergency conditions. It should also identify necessary steps to obtain and implement replacement technology, equipment, and personnel— and both the time frame and cost of doing so.

The primary responsibility for scenario-based technology planning will, of course, be that of the management team. Yet with the pandemic’s lessons in mind, the board should exercise robust oversight of management’s planning (including engaging in mock “tech outages”) to help assure organizational preparedness.

8. Oversight of Workforce Culture

Employee health and safety will become a more important element of the board’s workforce culture oversight responsibilities.

It is increasingly recognized that boards have a fiduciary responsibility to exercise oversight of corporate culture. This is grounded in the perspective that a positive organizational culture can be a meaningful corporate asset in a variety of ways (e.g., influencing operational performance, talent development, and organizational reputation). One of the recognized iterations of culture is its extension to employee morale, prevention of sexual harassment, and promotion of inclusion in the workforce.

With companies moving to reopen their business locations, culture issues are also extending to the health, safety and morale of the workforce. Employee concerns in this regard, and a general awareness of the safety of the workplace, are likely to remain well after the broad application of a vaccine or other treatment for the virus. The success of the organization’s post-pandemic business model may depend in part on the sensitivity it displays to employee virus-related concerns. This sensitivity is likely to expand to general health and safety matters. An informed and engaged board can be a support and guidance resource to management’s efforts to address these matters.

9. Oversight of Compliance

Boards may recalibrate the compliance function (and their oversight of that function), to address new risks and to seek efficiencies.

From a risk perspective, this effort will be driven by the implicit recognition that the post-pandemic era will witness a broadening of governmental authority in general, and an increasingly complex national and international regulatory environment in particular.

This can already be seen through requirements relating to accessing federal pandemic relief funds; increasing concerns with the security of information technology, antitrust issues in the labor market, and evolving regulations from the Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and others.

From a management perspective, boards may see greater efficiencies by moving away from traditional vertical “silo” reporting arrangements for compliance officers, to arrangements that seek targeted accountability for, and greater integration among, the various legal, compliance, and risk functions. Such arrangements are intended to allow for greater collaboration between officers with risk-related responsibilities and to achieve related efficiencies and cost savings without disturbing futility bypass arrangements.

10. Succession Planning

Executive, officer, and director succession planning will require far more consideration at the board

For many organizations, leadership succession policies and procedures have been too insufficient or too informal to address the breadth of related succession challenges arising from the pandemic. Going forward, boards are expected to treat succession matters with an enhanced level of attentiveness and formality, which will provide value to the organization.

For example, the Compensation Committee (or a designated executive succession committee) should work with senior leadership to create or update the executive succession plan for key leadership positions. This would likely include addressing emergency vacancies, longer-term successors, developing leadership skills and experience in future leaders, and retention arrangements for key leaders being groomed.

Other unique executive succession issues to be considered include: the return to work of recently retired CEOs and CFOs to support their successors during the crisis environment; having executives share certain tasks and responsibilities; identifying an interim successor if a previously identified successor is not ready to assume the position; the process for transitioning to the new/interim/emergency CEO; designating an experienced board member to serve as emergency or interim CEO; and more aggressive planning for director succession.

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Divulgation finance sociale et investissement responsable Gouvernance Normes d'encadrement normes de droit Responsabilité sociale des entreprises

Finance durable et gestion collective : l’AMF publie une mise à jour

A la suite de la publication le 11 mars 2020 de la position-recommandation DOC-2020-03 visant à assurer une proportionnalité entre la réalité de la prise en compte des facteurs extra-financiers dans la gestion et la place qui leur est réservée dans la communication aux investisseurs, l’AMF publie une première mise à jour de cette doctrine. Je vous laisse découvrir le tableau offert par l’AMF sur l’avant et l’après modification…

Extrait :

Adéquation de la communication et de l’importance de la prise en compte de critères extra-financiers dans la gestion

Jusqu’alors, la position-recommandation DOC-2020-03 prévoyait une distinction binaire : soit le placement collectif disposait d’une prise en compte significativement engageante sur la prise en compte de critères extra-financiers et il pouvait alors communiquer de façon centrale sur ces aspects, soit l’approche n’atteignait pas ces standards minimaux et il devait se contenter d’une communication « très brève et très proportionnée » dans sa documentation commerciale sur la prise en compte de ces critères.

La position-recommandation prévoit désormais, aux côtés de la possibilité de communiquer de façon centrale sur les aspects extra-financiers, la possibilité d’une communication dite ‘réduite’ pour les fonds qui prennent en compte dans leur gestion les critères extra-financiers sans en faire un engagement significatif. L’introduction de cette communication « réduite » sur la prise en compte de critères extra-financiers poursuit deux objectifs principaux :

  • Augmentation de la granularité: elle permettra de mieux distinguer entre elles des approches qui n’étaient jusqu’alors autorisées qu’à avoir une communication « très brève et très proportionnée » alors qu’elles mettent en œuvre des approches d’ambitions très variables, reflétant de manière plus adaptée la diversité des approches mises en œuvre par les sociétés de gestion dans ce domaine ;
  • Renforcement des exigences pour les approches n’atteignant pas les standards minimaux pour prétendre à une communication « réduite » : ces approches ne pourront plus communiquer sur la prise en compte de critères extra-financiers, en dehors de mentions dans leurs prospectus, là où une communication très brève et très proportionnée était possible jusqu’alors dans les documents commerciaux.

Les standards minimaux associés à la possibilité de se prévaloir d’une communication ‘réduite’ et devant figurer dans la documentation légale du placement collectif portent sur le fait de disposer d’une couverture significative d’analyse extra-financière (dont la portée est différenciée en fonction de la classe d’actifs) et d’assurer que la note ou l’indicateur moyen du placement collectif soit supérieure à la note ou l’indicateur moyen de l’univers d’investissement.

(…)

Communication centrale sur la prise en compte de critères extra-financiers pour certaines approches basées sur des indicateurs extra-financiers

La position-recommandation DOC-2020-03 mentionnait jusqu’alors deux approches présumées significativement engageantes et pouvant donc communiquer de façon centrale sur la prise en compte de critères extra-financiers. Ces approches, également reconnues par le label ISR Français, portent sur une exclusion significative de l’univers investissable et une amélioration significative de la note extra-financière du placement collectif (par exemple : moyenne pondérée de plusieurs critères portant sur des indicateurs sur les piliers environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance). Dans les autres cas, les SGP doivent être en mesure de démontrer à l’AMF en quoi leur approche est significative.

Cette mise à jour de la doctrine vise à expliciter la présomption du caractère significativement engageant à d’autres approches basées sur des indicateurs extra-financiers (émissions de gaz à effet de serre, équité femme-homme…) et non uniquement sur des notes extra-financières. Les standards minimaux associés sont comparables à ceux actuellement requis pour les approches significativement engageantes basées sur des notes extra-financières.

Cette extension est une nouvelle étape dans la reconnaissance d’approches pouvant communiquer de façon centrale sur la prise en compte de critères extra-financiers et pourrait être complétée à l’avenir.

Recommandations relatives aux politiques de gestion de controverses et d’engagement actionnarial

Enfin, la position-recommandation DOC-2020-03 est enrichie de deux recommandations relatives à la formalisation de politique de gestion de controverses et le contenu des politiques d’engagement actionnarial. Ces recommandations constituent des premières avancées de la doctrine de l’AMF sur ces thématiques d’importance pour la finance durable et pourront être complétées à l’avenir.

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