Normes d’encadrement

Le nouveau Code de gouvernance allemand vient d’être rendu officiel par sa publication dans la Gazette du 20 mars 2019 (ici).

Résumé

The Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex, the German corporate governance code (the Code), consists of three elements. At first it describes legal regulations for management and supervision of German listed companies (corporate governance), which are mainly referring to the Aktiengesetz (German Stock Corporation Act). Further elements are international and national acknowledged standards for good and responsible corporate governance, in the form of recommendations and suggestions. Recommendations are marked in the text by use of the word “shall” and suggestions of the word “should”. 

Through the declaration of conformity pursuant to § 161 Aktiengesetz (Stock Corporation Act), the code has a legal basis. Accordingly, the recommendations and suggestions are not mandatory. However, deviations from the recommendations – not the suggestions – have to be explained and disclosed with the annual declaration of conformity (Comply or Explain). The recommendations and suggestions of the code become valid with the publication in the official section of the Federal Gazette.

Besides giving recommendations and suggestions that reflect the best practice of corporate governance, the Code aims at enhancing the German corporate governance system’s transparency and comprehensibility, in order to strengthen the confidence of international and national investors, clients, employees and the general public in the management and supervision of German listed companies. 

The Commission reviews the Code on an annual basis in order to find out if it still describes the best practice of good corporate governance and adapts it when indicated.

Pour accéder à ce code (en version anglaise) : ici.

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Bonjour à toutes et à tous, Vanessa van Coppenhagen et Shivani Naidoo proposent un bilan du Code de gouvernance sud-africain : « The South African King IV Report on Corporate Governance: themes and variations » (janvier 2017).

Extrait :

Inclusivity

One of King IV’s objectives is to broaden its acceptance by making it accessible and fit for implementation across a variety of sectors and organisational types. King IV contains sector supplements in respect of municipalities, non-profit organisations, retirement funds, small and medium enterprises and state-owned organisations, which provide direction and guidance on how to apply the principles and recommended practices in these sectors and organisational types.

As is the case in King III, King IV adopts a stakeholder-inclusive approach, meaning that the governing body should take into consideration the “legitimate and reasonable needs, interests and expectations of all material stakeholders in the execution of its duties in the best interests of the organisation over time”. Stakeholders include shareholders, employees, consumers, the community and the environment. Under this approach, the interests of shareholders and funders, and the interests of other sources of value creation (including social and relationship capital), should be given equal status and should be balanced over time, responding to current circumstances, but always in the best interests of the company in the longer term.

Integrated thinking

King IV has further developed the principles of integrated thinking and integrated reporting seen in King III. Through integrated thinking, an organisation should “take into account the connectivity and interdependence between a range of factors that affect an organisation’s ability to create value over time”. One of King IV’s objectives is to reinforce corporate governance as a holistic and interrelated set of arrangements to be understood and implemented in an integrated way. Integrated thinking underpins:

• the stakeholder inclusive approach, in that the interests of shareholders and stakeholders are interdependent;
• recognition that the organisation and society are interdependent, in that the organisation is a provider/developer of wealth, goods, services, employment and intellectual capital and society provides an operating environment, consumer base and skills;
• recognition that the organisation is a corporate citizen, having responsibilities to its own workplace, the economy, society and the environment; and
• sustainable development, in that the organisation operates in the context of the economy, society and the natural environment and present needs should not compromise the needs of future generations.

Integrated reporting is an outcome of integrated thinking.

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Publié le 8 décembre 2016, le nouveau Code de gouvernance hollandais propose un nouveau paradigme tourné résolument vers le long-terme. Sur l’Oxford Business Law Blog, vous trouverez un intéressant article de Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz intitulé : « The Dutch Corporate Governance Code and The New Paradigm ».

Both the New Paradigm and the Dutch Code fundamentally envision a company as a long-term alliance between its shareholders and other stakeholders. They are both based on the notions that a company should and will be effectively managed for long-term growth and increased value, pursue thoughtful ESG and CSR policies, be transparent, be appropriately responsive to shareholder interests and engage with shareholders and other stakeholders.

Like The New Paradigm, the Dutch Code is fundamentally designed to promote long-term growth and value creation.  The management board is tasked with achieving this goal and the supervisory board is tasked with monitoring the management board’s efforts to achieve it.

The long-term investment provisions of the Dutch Code are cogent and succinct, and relate so closely to the essence of The New Paradigm that they are worth quoting in full (…)

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Ivan Tchotourian

Le Code de gouvernance allemand vient d’être réformé récemment : « Germany corp gov code to emphasise investor responsibility » (Susanna Rust, IPE, 15 février 2017). Vous trouverez dans cet article une belle synthèse de cette réforme.

Germany’s corporate governance code is being amended to emphasise that institutional investors have a responsibility to exercise their ownership rights.

The amendments follow a six-week consultation period that generated a strong response, both positive and critical, according to the government-appointed commission responsible for the code. The commission decided on changes to the code itself and the preamble, which sets out the spirit behind the code.

The preamble has been extended to argue that good corporate governance requires companies and their directors to conduct business ethically and take responsibility for their behaviour. The German word used by the commission for the latter is “Eigenverantwortung” – literally translated as “self-responsibility” or “own-responsibility”.

The guiding principle of an “honourable businessperson” (“ehrbarer Kaufmann”) was introduced to the preamble to reflect this.

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Ivan Tchotourian

Merci à Jacques Grisé d’avoir relayé cette initiative américaine d’un futur code de gouvernance d’entreprise : « Prélude à un code de gouvernance aux É.U. ! ». Son billet s’appuie sur l’article de Gary Larkin associé à The Conference Board Governance Center intitulé « It’s Commonsense to Have a U.S. Corporate Governance Code ».

Voici les bases de ce code :

• Every board should meet regularly without the CEO present, and every board should have active and direct engagement with executives below the CEO level.
• Directors should be elected by a majority  of either “for” or “against/withhold” votes (with abstentions and non-votes not be counted)
• Board refreshment should always be considered in order that the board’s skillset and perspectives remain current.
• Every board should have members with complementary and diverse skills, backgrounds and experiences.
• If the board decides on a combined CEO/Chair role, it is essential that the board have a strong independent director.
• Institutional investors that make decisions on proxy issues important to long-term value creation should have access to the company, its management, and, in some circumstances, the board.
• Companies should only provide earnings guidance to the extent they believe it is beneficial to shareholders.

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Ivan Tchotourian

Depuis juillet 1995, date de la publication à l’initiative des entreprises du premier rapport sur le gouvernement d’entreprise des sociétés cotées, l’Afep et le Medef ont élaboré un ensemble de recommandations qui a permis à ces sociétés d’améliorer leur fonctionnement et leur gestion dans une grande transparence et de répondre ainsi aux attentes des investisseurs et du public.  Cet ensemble de recommandations, qui constitue le code Afep-Medef, peut être désigné par les sociétés cotées comme étant leur code de référence en application des articles L. 225-37 et L. 225-68 du code de commerce.

Depuis 2013, les parties prenantes (pouvoirs publics, associations d’actionnaires, investisseurs, agences de conseil en votes…) sont consultées à l’occasion des révisions successives du code.  L’AFEP et le MEDEF viennent de lancer un appel à consultation visant à recueillir les avis de la place sur les modifications envisagées du Code de gouvernement d’entreprise des sociétés cotées.

Le Club des juristes a sollicité Olivier Diaz, afin qu’il constitue un groupe de travail qui réponde à l’appel à consultation de l’Afep-Medef et puisse ainsi contribuer à l’amélioration des règles de gouvernance qui régissent la grande majorité des sociétés cotées françaises.

Accédez à la proposition du Club des juristes : ici.

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Ivan Tchotourian